Ancient Appian Way

During the Roman Republic in the 4th century BCE, the economic growth of Rome and the expansion of its territories created the need for an efficient road network to facilitate trade and control the provinces. The decision to build the Appian Way was made by Appius Claudius Caecus, who succeeded in gaining the support of the Roman Senate for the project. The road would stretch from the Roman Forum to Capua, a city approximately 200 kilometers south of Rome, and was later extended to Brindisi. This road integrated into a broader network connecting various regions of the Empire.

The Appian Way had an average width of about 4 meters and was designed to allow the passage of two carts side by side, making it wider than other Roman roads of the time.

The construction required advanced engineering skills to address various geographical obstacles and ensure the durability and solidity of the road.

Surveying: The surveying of the road was a fundamental step. Romans used water levels (tools similar to a level) to ensure a horizontal path. This was essential for the stability of the road and proper drainage of rainwater.

Road Base: The road was built on a sturdy foundation of compacted gravel and stones, known as “statumen.” This structure provided stability and facilitated water drainage.

Substructure: Above the base, a layer of concrete or Roman mortar called “rudus” was laid. This layer, often composed of stone fragments or pebbles mixed with lime and sand, provided strength to the road.

Pavement: The road surface was finished with polished stone slabs or pebbles embedded in mortar, creating a broad and durable pavement. This part of the road was called “summa crusta.”

Road Edges and Mounds: Road edges were often marked by raised sidewalks, known as “crepidines,” which served both to delineate the path and prevent rainwater from invading the road. In the center, mounds were created for drainage and improved stability. Every mile had a milestone.

Bridges and Drainage: Where the road crossed watercourses or marshy terrain, stone bridges were constructed. Additionally, drainage systems, such as ditches and channels, were created to prevent flooding and road damage.

Postal Stations: Postal stations were stopping points along Roman roads, including the Appian Way, where travelers could change horses, rest, and receive other services. Some features of postal stations included the Mansio, a hotel-like structure with accommodation and food services; the Mutatio, a changing point where travelers could replace tired horses with fresh ones; the Tabernae, inns where travelers could purchase goods or refresh themselves; and military stations to facilitate the movement of troops.

The road required constant maintenance. The paving stones had to be regularly repaired or replaced due to wear from traffic and weather.

The Appian Way is an excellent example of how ancient Romans used local materials and advanced engineering techniques to build durable and functional roads. The combination of a robust foundation, precise pavement, and adequate width contributed to the success and longevity of this road.